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<title>Diffusing-wave spectroscopy</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Diffusing-wave spectroscopy</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Diffusing-wave spectroscopy</b> (<b>DWS</b>) is an optical technique derived from <a href="Dynamic_light_scattering" title="Dynamic light scattering">dynamic light scattering</a> (DLS) that studies the dynamics of scattered light in the limit of strong multiple scattering.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been widely used in the past to study colloidal <a href="Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspensions</a>, <a href="Emulsions" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsions">emulsions</a>, <a href="Foams" class="mw-redirect" title="Foams">foams</a>, gels, biological media and other forms of <a href="Soft_matter" title="Soft matter">soft matter</a>. If carefully calibrated, DWS allows the quantitative measurement of microscopic motion in a soft material, from which the <a href="Rheological" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheological">rheological</a> properties of the complex medium can be extracted via the <a href="Microrheology" title="Microrheology">microrheology</a> approach.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="One-speckle_diffusing-wave_spectroscopy">One-speckle diffusing-wave spectroscopy</h2></div>

<p>Laser light is sent to the sample and the outcoming transmitted or backscattered light is detected by an optoelectric sensor. The light intensity detected is the result of the interference of all the optical waves coming from the different light paths.

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<div class="gallerytext">Typical setup of diffusing-wave spectroscopy</div>

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<p>The signal is analysed by calculating the intensity <a href="Autocorrelation" title="Autocorrelation">autocorrelation</a> function called g<sub>2</sub>.

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{2}(\tau )={\frac {\langle I(t)I(t+\tau )\rangle _{t}}{\langle I(t)\rangle _{t}^{2}}}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./f88dd241b57c7b9e37809386665ff5e1a1bec39f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:23.428ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{2}(\tau )={\frac {\langle I(t)I(t+\tau )\rangle _{t}}{\langle I(t)\rangle _{t}^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>

</p><p>For the case of non-interacting particles suspended in a (complex) fluid a direct relation between g<sub>2</sub>-1 and the <a href="Mean_squared_displacement" title="Mean squared displacement">mean squared displacement</a> of the particles <Δr<sup>2</sup>> can be established. Let us note P(s) the probability density function (PDF) of the photon path length s. The relation can be written as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{2}(\tau )-1=[\int {dsP(s)\exp(-(s/l*)k_{0}^{2}\langle \Delta r^{2}(\tau )\rangle )}]^{2}}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{2}(\tau )-1=[\int {dsP(s)\exp(-(s/l*)k_{0}^{2}\langle \Delta r^{2}(\tau )\rangle )}]^{2}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./b4749882fffb6d3e6d9dd48ad98b43e707862788.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:48.756ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{2}(\tau )-1=[\int {dsP(s)\exp(-(s/l*)k_{0}^{2}\langle \Delta r^{2}(\tau )\rangle )}]^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>

</p><p>with <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{0}={\frac {2\pi n}{\lambda }}}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{0}={\frac {2\pi n}{\lambda }}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./f44a6bb33ac755ce4492814a771348e214efb519.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:10.089ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{0}={\frac {2\pi n}{\lambda }}}" loading="lazy"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l*}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l*}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./a366d1873178559c309cca2bf468fd073fb8f9a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.856ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l*}" loading="lazy"></span> is the transport mean free path of scattered light.

</p><p>For simple cell geometries, it is thus possible to calculate the mean squared displacement of the particles <Δr<sup>2</sup>> from the measured g<sub>2</sub>-1 values analytically. For example, for the backscattering geometry, an infinitely thick cell, large laser spot illumination and detection of photons coming from the center of the spot, the relationship between g<sub>2</sub>-1 and <Δr<sup>2</sup>> is:

</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{2}(\tau )-1=\exp \left(-2\gamma {\sqrt {\langle \Delta r^{2}(\tau )\rangle k_{0}^{2}}}\right)}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{2}(\tau )-1=\exp \left(-2\gamma {\sqrt {\langle \Delta r^{2}(\tau )\rangle k_{0}^{2}}}\right)}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./e027ebac7d3fe22206166399e8590eaaba0d8b95.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:36.285ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{2}(\tau )-1=\exp \left(-2\gamma {\sqrt {\langle \Delta r^{2}(\tau )\rangle k_{0}^{2}}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>, γ value is around 2.

</p><p>For less thick cells and in transmission, the relationship depends also on l* (the transport length).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>For quasi-transparent cells, an angle-independent variant method called cavity amplified scattering spectroscopy<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> makes use of an <a href="Integrating_sphere" title="Integrating sphere">integrating sphere</a> to isotropically probe samples from all directions, elongating photon paths through the sample in the process, allowing for the study of low turbidity samples under the DWS formalism.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multispeckle_diffusing-wave_spectroscopy_(MSDWS)">Multispeckle diffusing-wave spectroscopy (MSDWS)</h2></div>

<p>This technique either uses a camera to detect many speckle grains (see <a href="Speckle_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Speckle pattern">speckle pattern</a>) or a ground glass to create a large number of speckle realizations (Echo-DWS<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In both cases an average over a large number of statistically independent intensity values is obtained, allowing a much faster data acquisition time.

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<div class="gallerytext">Typical setup of Multispeckle Diffusing-wave spectroscopy</div>

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{2}(\tau )={\frac {\langle I(t)I(t+\tau )\rangle _{p}}{\langle I(t)\rangle _{p}^{2}}}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./285f867232cbe8b4724f5647208f6dd262d02cc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:23.661ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{2}(\tau )={\frac {\langle I(t)I(t+\tau )\rangle _{p}}{\langle I(t)\rangle _{p}^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>

</p><p>MSDWS is particularly adapted for the study of slow dynamics and non ergodic media. Echo-DWS allows seamless integration of MSDWS in a traditional DWS-scheme with superior <a href="Temporal_resolution" title="Temporal resolution">temporal resolution</a> down to 12 ns.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camera based adaptive image processing allows online measurement of particle dynamics for example during drying.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFG._MaretP._E._Wolf1987" class="citation journal cs1">G. Maret; P. E. Wolf (1987). "Multiple light scattering from disordered media. The effect of brownian motion of scatterers". <i><a href="Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physik_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeitschrift für Physik B">Zeitschrift für Physik B</a></i>. <b>65</b> (4): 409. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987ZPhyB..65..409M">1987ZPhyB..65..409M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01303762">10.1007/BF01303762</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121962976">121962976</a>.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFD._J._PineD._A._WeitzP._M._ChaikinE._Herbolzheimer1988" class="citation journal cs1">D. J. Pine; D. A. Weitz; P. M. Chaikin; E. Herbolzheimer (1988). "Diffusing wave spectroscopy". <i><a href="Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></i>. <b>60</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1134–</span>1137. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988PhRvL..60.1134P">1988PhRvL..60.1134P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.60.1134">10.1103/PhysRevLett.60.1134</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10037950">10037950</a>.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFF._Scheffold2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Frank_Scheffold" title="Frank Scheffold">F. Scheffold</a>; et al. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721023401/http://w3.lcvn.univ-montp2.fr/~lucacip/NewTrendsMicroRheology.pdf">"New trends in optical microrheology of complex fluids and gels"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Progress in Colloid and Polymer Science</i>. <b>123</b>: <span class="nowrap">141–</span>146. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fb11748">10.1007/b11748</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-540-00553-7</bdi>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.lcvn.univ-montp2.fr/~lucacip/NewTrendsMicroRheology.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-21.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFD._A._WeitzD._J._Pine1993" class="citation book cs1">D. A. Weitz; D. J. Pine (1993). "Diffusing-wave spectroscopy". In W. Brown (ed.). <i>Dynamic Light scattering</i>. <a href="Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">652–</span>720. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-853942-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGracianiKingAmblard2022" class="citation journal cs1">Graciani, Guillaume; King, John T.; Amblard, François (2022-08-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.2c06471">"Cavity-Amplified Scattering Spectroscopy Reveals the Dynamics of Proteins and Nanoparticles in Quasi-transparent and Miniature Samples"</a>. <i>ACS Nano</i>. <b>16</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">16796–</span>16805. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.09616">2111.09616</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facsnano.2c06471">10.1021/acsnano.2c06471</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1936-0851">1936-0851</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36039927">36039927</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244345602">244345602</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spie.org/x8591.xml?highlight=x2404&ArticleID=x8591">"Light scattering technique reveals properties of soft solids"</a>.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFP._ZakharovF._CardinauxF._Scheffold2006" class="citation journal cs1">P. Zakharov; F. Cardinaux; F. Scheffold (2006). "Multispeckle diffusing-wave spectroscopy with a single-mode detection scheme". <i><a href="Physical_Review_E" title="Physical Review E">Physical Review E</a></i>. <b>73</b> (1): 011413. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0509637">cond-mat/0509637</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhRvE..73a1413Z">2006PhRvE..73a1413Z</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevE.73.011413">10.1103/PhysRevE.73.011413</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16486146">16486146</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6251182">6251182</a>.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFL._BrunelA._BrunP._SnabreL._Cipelletti2007" class="citation journal cs1">L. Brunel; A. Brun; P. Snabre; L. Cipelletti (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-15-23-15250">"Adaptive Speckle Imaging Interferometry: a new technique for the analysis of microstructure dynamics, drying processes and coating formation"</a>. <i><a href="Optics_Express" title="Optics Express">Optics Express</a></i>. <b>15</b> (23): <span class="nowrap">15250–</span>15259. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0711.1219">0711.1219</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007OExpr..1515250B">2007OExpr..1515250B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FOE.15.015250">10.1364/OE.15.015250</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19550809">19550809</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5753232">5753232</a>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930154856/http://www.formulaction.com/technology_dws.html">Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy Overview with video</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lsinstruments.ch/technology/diffusing_wave_spectroscopy_dws/">Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy Overview with Animations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140520215951/http://www.lsinstruments.ch/technology/diffusing_wave_spectroscopy_dws">Archived</a> 2014-05-20 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lsinstruments.ch/technology/diffusing_wave_spectroscopy_dws/dws_particle_sizing/">Particle Sizing using Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220247/http://www.lsinstruments.ch/technology/diffusing_wave_spectroscopy_dws/dws_particle_sizing/">Archived</a> 2014-05-20 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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